See RefreshEnv for bash for a hack to get refreshenv working.
I suggest you use choco package vswhere to locate the VS build tools available on the box.
It has a -legacy mode for pre-2017 tools. Can it be used to find earlier than VS 2017 · Issue #187 · microsoft/vswhere · GitHub
It is definately on the box, as I had to remove it for my builds, in order to confirm that my project was buildable without VS compilers, so I have
- rm -rf
"/c/Program Files (x86)/MSBuild"
/c/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/msbuild.exe
That is probably where you will find msbuild.exe.